We have been trying to replicate your issue without success. I noticed that resuming from sleep does not trigger the Hard Drive password screen but hibernation does, I had to enable hibernation in Power Options (Choose what the power buttons do). Both options worked just fine.
I wonder if you could provide more information such as a screenshot from disk management and any details about the error from Event Viewer or the (BSoD) minidump file. Furthermore, does the issue happen when the mechanical drive is not connected to the system?